hosamina
08-06-2006, 07:53 AM
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم all friend iam very
notice!
sorry for beeing write english for this subject but to keep the style of chemistry subject
then we desscus this (orbitals)in the atom and its shape and please dont write any thing just read but dont answer and i ill respect
ORBITALS
http://www.101science.com/images/c_md_clr.gif
IS
http://img371.imageshack.us/img371/5458/1s9vl.png
hemistry is the study of matter and the interactions among different
types of matter. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
The first step in learning more about chemistry is to read as much as
you can on your areas of interest. The book "Chemistry - The Easy
Way" is an example of a "low cost" guide to get you started.
Chemistry has four major areas of interest and many sub-specialties
For any atom there is just one 1s orbital. Consider the shape on the
left. The surface of the shape represents points for which the electron
density for that orbital is the same - an isosurface. The image shows
clearly the spherical shape of the 1s function.
The orbital on the right is sliced in half to show that there is no
spherical node in the 1s orbital. Examine the electron density plots to
see that the electron density increases exponentially towards the
nucleus.
While still spherical, the higher s-orbitals (2s, 3s, 4s, 5s, 6s, and
7s) are more complex since they have spherical nodes
2S
http://img437.imageshack.us/img437/9232/2s4gf.png
The shape of the 2s orbital. The blue zone is where the wave function
has negative values while the red zone is where values are positive.
For any atom there is just one 2s orbital. The image on the left is
deceptively simple as the interesting feature is buried within the
orbital. That on the right is sliced in half to show that there is a
spherical node in the 2s orbital.
The origin of the spherical node becomes clear if we examine the wave
equation, which includes a (2 - ?) term. When (2 - ?) = 0, then we must
have a node. Since for the 2s orbital ? = 2Zr/2 = Zr (Z = effective
http://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/orbitron/AOs/2p/2p.gif
nuclear charge, r = radius in atomic units), then the node is at the
radius for which (2 - Zr) = 0, that is, r = 2/Z atomic units.
While still spherical, the higher s-orbitals (3s, 4s, 5s, 6s, and 7s)
are more complex since they have more spherical nodes
2P
http://img314.imageshack.us/img314/8262/2p4vg.png
For any atom, there are three 2p orbitals. These orbitals have the same shape but are aligned differently in space. The three 2p orbitals normally used are labelled 2px, 2py, and 2pz since the functions are "aligned" along the x, y, and z axes respectively.
Note that it is common to denote the shapes of 2p orbitals in books and papers as shown below. These "figure-of-eight" style pictures are used only for graphic convenience. These pictures make the orbitals appear much "thinner" than they are really, and also that there are sharp "points" in the region of the nucleus, which there are not.
Each 2p orbital has two lobes. There is a planar node normal to the axis of the orbital (so the 2px orbital has a yz nodal plane, for instance). The higher p-orbitals (3p, 4p, 5p, 6p, and 7p) are more complex still since they have spherical nodes as well.
The origin of the planar node becomes clear if we examine the wave equation which, for instance, includes an x term in the case of the 2px orbital. Clearly When x = 0, then we must have a node, and this by definition is the yz plane
my freind dont make answering to me just i will finish en shaallah u can put answer
i have completing
notice!
sorry for beeing write english for this subject but to keep the style of chemistry subject
then we desscus this (orbitals)in the atom and its shape and please dont write any thing just read but dont answer and i ill respect
ORBITALS
http://www.101science.com/images/c_md_clr.gif
IS
http://img371.imageshack.us/img371/5458/1s9vl.png
hemistry is the study of matter and the interactions among different
types of matter. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
The first step in learning more about chemistry is to read as much as
you can on your areas of interest. The book "Chemistry - The Easy
Way" is an example of a "low cost" guide to get you started.
Chemistry has four major areas of interest and many sub-specialties
For any atom there is just one 1s orbital. Consider the shape on the
left. The surface of the shape represents points for which the electron
density for that orbital is the same - an isosurface. The image shows
clearly the spherical shape of the 1s function.
The orbital on the right is sliced in half to show that there is no
spherical node in the 1s orbital. Examine the electron density plots to
see that the electron density increases exponentially towards the
nucleus.
While still spherical, the higher s-orbitals (2s, 3s, 4s, 5s, 6s, and
7s) are more complex since they have spherical nodes
2S
http://img437.imageshack.us/img437/9232/2s4gf.png
The shape of the 2s orbital. The blue zone is where the wave function
has negative values while the red zone is where values are positive.
For any atom there is just one 2s orbital. The image on the left is
deceptively simple as the interesting feature is buried within the
orbital. That on the right is sliced in half to show that there is a
spherical node in the 2s orbital.
The origin of the spherical node becomes clear if we examine the wave
equation, which includes a (2 - ?) term. When (2 - ?) = 0, then we must
have a node. Since for the 2s orbital ? = 2Zr/2 = Zr (Z = effective
http://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/orbitron/AOs/2p/2p.gif
nuclear charge, r = radius in atomic units), then the node is at the
radius for which (2 - Zr) = 0, that is, r = 2/Z atomic units.
While still spherical, the higher s-orbitals (3s, 4s, 5s, 6s, and 7s)
are more complex since they have more spherical nodes
2P
http://img314.imageshack.us/img314/8262/2p4vg.png
For any atom, there are three 2p orbitals. These orbitals have the same shape but are aligned differently in space. The three 2p orbitals normally used are labelled 2px, 2py, and 2pz since the functions are "aligned" along the x, y, and z axes respectively.
Note that it is common to denote the shapes of 2p orbitals in books and papers as shown below. These "figure-of-eight" style pictures are used only for graphic convenience. These pictures make the orbitals appear much "thinner" than they are really, and also that there are sharp "points" in the region of the nucleus, which there are not.
Each 2p orbital has two lobes. There is a planar node normal to the axis of the orbital (so the 2px orbital has a yz nodal plane, for instance). The higher p-orbitals (3p, 4p, 5p, 6p, and 7p) are more complex still since they have spherical nodes as well.
The origin of the planar node becomes clear if we examine the wave equation which, for instance, includes an x term in the case of the 2px orbital. Clearly When x = 0, then we must have a node, and this by definition is the yz plane
my freind dont make answering to me just i will finish en shaallah u can put answer
i have completing